Programmable Logic Controllers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Programmable Logic Controllers - Assignment Example The RES guidance is utilized to drop the SET guidance, thus putting the PLC off. In the contemporary society, electronic gadgets are utilized in assortment of ways. Electronic gadgets which utilize microchips depend on signs to get data. Signs are accessible in two structures, for example Computerized and simple. Electronic gadgets can just comprehend data that is in computerized position, and consequently the simple signs are pointless in such gadgets. Consequently, the change of simple to computerized signals is basic, particularly thinking about that most genuine circumstances lead to the creation of simple signs. The simple to advanced transformation of data, changes the configuration of the data, without modifying its substance. Chip are utilized for the transformation of the simple sign to computerized. The standard utilized in the change of simple signs to computerized signals by the microchip is the voltage variety. The microchip utilized sensors, which identify the approaching simple signals, and make an interpretation of them into voltage levels. For example, the interpretation of temperature of 0 †1000c, prompts the task of 0 volts to 00c, and 5volts to 1000c. Any worth that is above 0volts speaks to a HIGH, and consequently chip can show the genuine worth, contingent on the quantity of levels the microchip can speak to. The goals of the A/D converter alludes to the quantity of stretches which can be isolated from a specific simple info run. Since the understanding of the simple information (for example temperature) requires doling out of voltage levels, the quantity of levels which can be spoken to is dictated by the goals. Goals of A/D converter is spoken to in bits, for example, a n-bit A/D converter has a goals of 1/2n. The word length, as utilized in the chip alludes to the

EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE IMERGING OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IN GHANA(CAN Essay

Viable MANAGEMENT OF THE IMERGING OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IN GHANA(CAN GHANA AVOID A RESOURSE CURSE) - Essay Example Regardless of whether Ghana’s current institutional structure will be fit for meeting the difficulties presented by oil abuse, and will have the option to utilize this chance to carry more noteworthy success and solidness to the nation, is a troublesome inquiry. In this paper, the reasons why other oil makers have neglected to make an achievement of this industry will be analyzed. Having made this investigation, suggestions will be given for how Ghana can channel its new mineral riches into solid monetary development and an improvement in expectations for everyday comforts the nation over. Substance 1. Presentation 1.1 West African Oil Production 1.2 Western Interests 1.3 Advantages of West African Oil 1.4 The ‘Resource Curse’ 1.5 Ghana 1.6 Oil Exploitation in Ghana 1.7 Drilling Begins 1.8 Chinese Interest 2. Writing Review 2.1 Ghana’s Success 2.2 Kosmos-Exxon Mobil Contract 2.3 Warnings of a Resource Curse 2.4 The Beginnings of Insurgency 2.5 Excessive Bor rowing 2.6 The Nigerian Experience 3. System 3.1 Choice of Subject 3.2 Data Collection and Analysis 4. Suggestions 4.1 Democracy 4.2 Transparency and Accountability 4.3 Investor Confidence 4.4 Role of Foreign Oil Companies and Governments 4.5 Revenue Management 4.6 A Diverse Economy 5. End Bibliography Figures Fig.1. Wellsprings of U.S. Oil Imports, 2007 Fig.2. Ghana’s seaward oil fields. Fig.3. ... line from landlocked Chad to seaside Cameroon, and new investigations for potential oil fields on the Atlantic coast were signs that the area was getting one of the West’s significant oil providers. There is a general accord that the demonstrated stores of West Africa are more noteworthy than those of either North American or Eastern Europe and Russia, and current significant providers are Nigeria, Angola, Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon and Cameroon. In fact, Nigeria is the world’s 6th biggest supplier of oil, and Angola will most likely demonstrate to have more oil than Kuwait. Because of expanded Western interest for oil, it is normal that Nigeria and Angola, the region’s two greatest makers, will twofold or even triple their yield over the span of the following decade. 1.2 Western Interests During the Cold War, the United States in especially was intensely occupied with Africa in a key and military limit, as a major aspect of its battle against worldwide socialism . Its organizations were resolved that the Soviet Union would have the option to discover broad partners in the locale. Financial help was offered through the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the two of which are vigorously affected by the United States government. US commitment likewise the type of military intercession, in locales where Communist uprisings compromised industrialist governments, whether or not or not the last were setting a case of good administration. In Angola, for instance, the United States propelled undercover and obvious CIA and exceptional powers activities, in intrigue with a few unique gatherings, and was worried over all that Communist powers in the nation ought not oversee the oil holds. This frequently included supporting unrepresentative governments in Luanda or the

Essentials Of Social Media In Sports Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Quesion: Examine about the Essentials Of Social Media In Sports. Answer Basic of Social Media in Sports In todays serious business world, the job of internet based life has developed essentially in each industry. Internet based life is characterized as a group of online correspondences channels that are devoted to network based, connection, content-sharing, joint effort and information. This document will examine the fundamentals of online life in sports and assess how sports brands utilize internet based life locales to further their potential benefit. Further, advantages and disadvantages of utilizing online networking in sports industry will be broke down. Associations in sports industry utilize web-based social networking locales for various purposes, for example, promoting, focusing on clients, directing statistical surveying, expanding client connection and others. Web based life alongside versatile innovation is changing games and business identified with it. The organizations utilize web based life locales to open new correspondence channels between with their clients which lea d to making new advertisement opportunity with supports. The advantages of utilizing online life locales incorporate brand proclivity and unwaveringness that prompts expanded productivity for ventures. Web based life give a huge stage to avid supporters which is accessible day in and day out for them, and they can share and collaborate with individuals of comparative intrigue. Web based life destinations empower sports brands to make and distribute their own substance online which makes an online brand profile of the firm. It gives apparatuses to investigation to organizations in sports industry which they can use to direct statistical surveying that permits them to target new markets. The organizations utilize online nearness for relationship working with clients since they have the choice to discuss straightforwardly with their crowd (Witkemper, Lim and Waldburger, 170). Adidas is one of the greatest driving games associations which successfully utilize web based life to further its potential benefit. The organization has nearness and enormous after via web-based networking media destinations, for example, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram. The firm uses these channels to post incredible substance which depends on their image and the business that give them colossal reaction from people in general. Online brand nearness is vital for sports organi zations, and Adidas keeps up a positive brand picture. The fundamental contender of the firm, Nike, savagely utilize online life destinations by employing dubious games individual in its promoting effort. Then again, Adidas make a positive brand picture by clingy by setting up a positive culture and following a lot of qualities. These variables increment brand mindfulness and gainfulness of the organization which prompts Geniuses of Social Media in Sports Bigger Fan Base There are in excess of three billion web based life clients around the world, and the greater part of them get to their online life account through cell phones. According to Statistas Most Popular Pages on Facebook 2017, sports pages have colossal after, for example, Real Madrid CF has more than 106.1 devotees and FC Barcelona has more than 103.49 supporters. These insights demonstrate that web-based social networking locales give an immense stage to sports organizations that they can use to build their fan base. Getting to online life website is helpful for the two devotees and companies that make it one of the most mainstream mechanism for connecting with individuals and promoting their items or administrations (Williams and Chinn, 422-437). Internet based life locales give incredible reach to sports associations since they can pick up supporters from all around the globe. Savvy Internet based life locales are allowed to use for everybody which makes it a savvy device for promoting and shopper association for sports associations. Anybody can make a free record via web-based networking media locales which makes it simpler for organizations to interface and connect with an enormous number of crowds who are keen on their image. Simple Procedure When contrasted with different methods of showcasing or client cooperations, internet based life course is considerably simpler. It is a simple apparatus which can be utilized by sports associations as brand mindfulness strategy. The organizations simply need to open a record on any internet based life webpage, and intrigued individuals naturally tail them. The firm can post extraordinary substance on their profile which pulls in more crowd and expands their image mindfulness (Brown and Billings, 74-81). Thusly, it is a generously simple device that is utilized by companies in the games business to build their image mindfulness. Increment in Brand Loyalty Notwithstanding giving a more extensive crowd, utilization of online life expands the brand dependability of organizations also. As per the investigation of Laroche, Habibi and Richard (76-82), individuals who follow marks via web-based networking media destinations are faithful to them too. Significant Insights Online networking locales permit organizations to screen their web based life measurements through which they can increase significant data with respect to their crowd which helps them in settling on more brilliant business choices. For instance, social investigation give data, for example, which nation has most supporters and what individuals feel about companys brand. Such data helps sports association in settling on more brilliant business choices and expanding their crowd. Cons of Social Media in Sports Negative Feedback Online networking clients have the choice to post negative input with respect to a firm on the off chance that they didn't care for its items. Numerous clients compose furious tirades about a companys items or administrations. In sports industry, individuals who are connected to a game compose negative things with respect to rival groups which can unfavorably influence a companys notoriety (Alexander, 717-733). Potential for Embarrassment Utilization of online life uncovered a companys presents on the world and any mix-up can prompt humiliation for the firm. Associations need to guarantee that their posts are directly since it can prompt an open shame which is negative for companys brand picture (Dijkmans, Kerkhof and Beukeboom, 58-67). Time Intensive Process So as to viably utilize online life locales, organizations are required to persistently draw in or interface with its crowd takes a great deal of time and exertion. Associations which center around keeping up an intelligent online life nearness require contributing labor and asset. The games organizations that have restricted assets think that its hard to deal with a solid nearness via web-based networking media destinations. Online networking locales require day by day observing and organizations need to activitymanagement their profile to see genuine advantages. Danger of Cyber Attacks Utilizing web-based social networking destinations open the organizations to the danger of digital assault or hacking. Cybercriminals hack into the record of enormous companies and post things that can adversely influence the companys brand picture (Kaplan and Haenlein, 59-68). For instance, HBOs internet based life account was hacked which released numerous private information of the organization. In this manner, sports organizations are required putting resources into cybersecurity framework which expands their general expenses. Works Cited Alexander, David E. Internet based life in misfortune hazard decrease and emergency management.Science and designing ethics20.3 (2014): 717-733. Earthy colored, Natalie An., and Andrew C. Billings. Avid supporters as emergency communicators via web-based networking media websites.Public Relations Review39.1 (2013): 74-81. Dijkmans, Corn, Peter Kerkhof, and Camiel J. Beukeboom. A phase to draw in: Social media use and corporate notoriety. Tourism Management 47 (2015): 58-67. Kaplan, Andreas M., and Michael Haenlein. Clients of the world, join together! The difficulties and chances of Social Media.Business horizons53.1 (2010): 59-68. Laroche, Michel, Mohammad Reza Habibi, and Marie-Odile Richard. Regarding life, what to think about it in online networking: How brand dedication is influenced by social media?.International Journal of Information Management 33.1 (2013): 76-82. Statista. Most mainstream Facebook fan pages as of December 2017, in light of number of fans (in millions) Statista, n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2019, https://www.statista.com/measurements/269304/global brands-on-facebook-by-number-of-fans/. Williams, Jo, and Susan J. Chinn. Meeting relationship-advertising objectives through online networking: An applied model for sport marketers.International Journal of Sport Communication3.4 (2010): 422-437. Witkemper, Chad, Choong Hoon Lim, and Adia Waldburger. Online networking and sports advertising: Examining the inspirations and requirements of Twitter users.Sport Marketing Quarterly21.3 (2012): 170.

Benjamin Jones As An Artist - 550 Words

Benjamin Jones As An Artist (Essay Sample) Content: BENJAMIN JONES AS AN ARTISTNameInstitutional affiliationBackground and historyBenjamin Jonesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ pieces of art have a special way of uniting any disconnected items, be they spiritually apart or politically different. A keen look at his work displays a connection in many aspects of life that always seem to be worlds apart. It is through art that one can tell what goes on in the mind of an artist and what entails their perception of the world(). Art is a means of communication that is used by most artists to communicate. Benjamin Jonesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ art mainly revolves around the theme of spirituality. His excellent piece of work made him one of the most important artist of his generation.Benjamin .F. Jones was born in the year 1941 in the state of New Jersey, United States of America. He acquired several degrees in his education that includes a master of fine arts degree from Pratt University in Brooklyn, New York, as well as a master of art degree from New York University. Benjamin also had an undergraduate degree, Bachelor of Fine Arts that he got from Paterson University located at Wayne, in New Jersey. The strong foundation in education, his resilience and hard work puts Benjamin Jones on the list of influential artists of his time (Brownlee Cassel,2008, p. 213). His motivation and determination have kept him going for more than four decades.The medium used in Joneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s pieces of art vary from time to time. Most of his artwork is mainly done using paint. It is his paintings that have made him worldly known. The paintings possess brilliant and rhythmic colors, not to mention art symbols that represent African culture of art (LeBlanc baby, 2011, p. 124). Jones has also portrayed his art in sculptures as well. He has world recognition for being an installation artist and also a printmaker. His multimedia installations have led to his research and travel in, Europe, Africa, The Caribbean, the United States and South America as well.The Black Arts Movement consisted of African American artists like Benjamin Jonesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ around the late sixties and early seventies. The movement played a big role in the political struggles faced by black people all over the world. The artists used their skills in art to convey messages and unite the blacks with slogans such as "Black is Beautiful" during the struggle (Jegede, 2009, p. 111). Artists are dating back to 1930s also joined the struggle to strengthen the racial solidarity in the Black Arts movement (Dolina, 2012, p. 201). The success of artists like Sam Gilliam proved that black could also make it in life. The artists joined and used their diverse talents to come up with pieces of art that portrayed the blacks as a united race as they struggled for equal civil rights.Jones has received many grants and awards for his exemplary work. An example is The Joan Mitchel foundation grant that he received in 2002. He has made more than 40 visits to Cuba to take part in cultural exchange functions where people know him as an influential African-American artists of his era (Lewis, 2003, p. 123). He has been a lecturer at institutions like Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts an...

Describe How to Establish Respectful, Professional...

1.1 Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with children and young people. It is essential to establish respectful and professional relationships with children and young people in the role of Teaching Assistant. There are certain strategies which enable such a valued and trusted relationship be established. A relationship in which a child trusts and respects their TA and feels comfortable in their company, allows the TA to offer a supportive and caring environment in which the child can learn and develop. Listening is arguably the most important way in which to establish a respectful and professional relationship with a child or young person. By a TA listening to what a child has to say, without†¦show more content†¦The TA should then explain why they believe a rule has been broken and the necessary punishment. The TA should always adhere to the schools behavior policy and follow through with punishments. By doing this, the TA communicates that there are consequences to the decisions children make and that the punishment is ‘fair’ in regards to the rule break. It is important for the TA to be consistent in such situations. For example, if two children were to break the same rule it would be ‘unfair’ to allow one to go unpunished, yet punishes the second child. This would result in a lack of respect from the children. Likewise, it would be ‘unfair’ if a TA was to show favoritism. For example, if a TA was to allow their favorites t o ‘get away with’ things that they would punish other children for; this is ‘unfair’. Ultimately, the relationship that a TA wants to establish with all the children is one of trust and respect. A relationship like this can not be created if a TA is unfair, inconsistent or shows favoritism. A TA should make an effort to learn all children’s names, how to pronounce them and also how to spell them. Again, this shows the child that the TA has taken a personal interest in them. On a professional level, it is very important to remember a child’s name. In the case of an emergency, i.e. a fire, it is necessary to know all of the childrenShow MoreRelatedTDA 2.3 – Communication and Professional Relationships with Children Young People and Adults Interacting with and Responding to with Children and Young People1080 Words   |  5 Pages– Communication and Professional Relationships with Children Young People and Adults Interacting with and Responding to with Children and Young People [TDA2.3   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4, 2.1, 2.2]    CHILDREN YOUNG PEOPLE 1) How to establish respectful, professional relationships with children and young people You’ll need to change your behaviour and method of communication when establishing respectful, professional relationships with children and young people. This can be done makingRead MoreTda 2.5 Essay2575 Words   |  11 PagesTDA 2.3 Communication and professional relationships with children, young people and adults. Zoe Abson Children and young people 1.1 Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with children any young people To establish and maintain a respectful and professional relationship with children and young people in setting the Teaching assistant must always put the children first, never appear bored or uninterested, always encourage children and never make them feel likeRead MoreEffective Communication1225 Words   |  5 PagesEffective communication with children, young people and families Good communication is central to working with children, young people, families and carers. It helps build trust, and encourages them to seek advice and use services. It is key to establishing and maintaining relationships, and is an active process that involves listening, questioning, understanding and responding. You should always communicate with them appropriately to match the stage of development, personal circumstances, and needsRead MoreCu1530 – Promote Communication in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young People’s Settings1058 Words   |  5 Pagessocial care or children’s and young people’s settings 1.1 Identify the different reasons people communicate ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Communication is a key element in every aspect of our lives and is a way of sharing information from one party to another. It is important that people communicate to help build relationships between parents, practitioners, health care professionals and any other person who mayRead Morelevel 3 supporting teaching learning Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagesexplain how the processes used by own work setting or service comply with legislation that covers data protection, information handling and sharing. Assignment 3 Task 5: demonstrate how to identify potential hazards to health, safety and security of children or young people, families and other visitors and colleges. Task6: demonstrate ability to deal with hazards in the work setting or in off site visits. Task 11: give example from own practise of supporting children and young people to assesRead MoreDeveloping Positive Relationships with Our Young Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagespositive relationships with children and young people (CU1522) - 8: Explain why positive relationships with children and young people are important and how these are built and maintained? Positive relationships with children and young people are important because children will feel comfortable with the practitioners and can separate more easily from their parents. If the children feel secure and use to their surroundings, they are more likely to join in playtimes and learning activities. Children willRead MoreTda 2.3 Communication and Profesionalrelationshipswith Children and Young People3181 Words   |  13 Pageswill be discussing the different way we communicate with children, young people and other adults. Also, how to deal with disagreements between children and adults. And looking at how we speak and communicate with people and the benefits it has Task 1 Children and young people Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with children and young people It’s most important that first of all you talk to a child or young person that is at a level that is appropriate to their ageRead MoreTDA 2.1 communication6117 Words   |  25 PagesDescribe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with children. Whilst trying to establish a respectful, professional relationship with children it is important that you are able to adapt yourself easily to the level of the child/children you are working with. You need time, patience, listening skills and good communicational skills. It is important that you are aware and take into account the individual abilities, personalities and cultural needs of the children as this willRead MoreEffective Schools1726 Words   |  7 Pages Effective Schools According to our text, what are the characteristics of effective schools? In the book Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, Kauchak and Eggen (2014) identified schools as social systems and wrote, â€Å"Social systems work effectively when their components work together to meet their goals† (p. 181). The components listed were the staff and faculty members of a school, the physical building of the school itself and surrounding areas, and the curriculum. The characteristicsRead MoreEmotional Literacy Plan For Young Children2372 Words   |  10 Pageshealthy and respectful learning environments for young children (NAEYC 1c) According to researcher, it is important to create a healthy and respectful learning environment because young children experience their world an environment of relationships and these relationships affect virtually all aspects of their development, intellectual social, emotional, physical, behavioral and moral. I will create a learning environment that supports social and emotional development for children when I have a

Iranian Revolution and Comic Book Persepolis - 1136 Words

Persepolis The memoir of Marjane Satrapi growing up in Iran is written as a very personal account in the comic book Persepolis. This is a story that describes her life during the Islamic Revolution which includes her moral, physical, religious, and psychological struggles she endured. Being the setting of a bloody war with Iraq, Iran was not the ideal environment Marjane’s parents wanted her to grow up in. Persepolis represents a unique life of a child in Tehran, Iran and the actions she took in order to survive the political upheaval her country was facing. Marjane Satrapi is of great importance in teaching us the hardships of life during war as well as the history of her country. Persepolis was chosen to be on the summer reading†¦show more content†¦Before things get better for Satrapi, they get worse. Her first real boyfriend cheats on her and she leaves the place she is staying because she becomes fed up with the owner. She is now out of money and homeless, but goes to the home of her mother’s friend where her parents call her and beg her to come home. The climax in this part of the story occurs during the transition between her homelessness and her return to Iran. Going back home does not solve her problems though. She cannot escape the image of war in her home country and she tries to commit suicide, but somehow lives. She ends up marrying a man named Reza and they attend a university together, but later decide to get a divorce because they do not love each other any longer. The war has ended by 1988 and Marjane realizes that her ultimate resolution is to leave Iran and live in France for the rest of her life. The actions of Marjane Satrapi are very admirable during her country’s time of chaos. When she felt that she was being treated unfairly, she spoke up and questioned others in a dignified manner without being insulting. However, many of the authority figures claimed that questioning them was insulting them so she was sometimes pun ished. When Marjane and her classmates were being told that they must wear long veils and loose clothing she stood up in front of the class and asked why they must be so covered up when the boys were not required to dress to the same degree. This wasShow MoreRelatedMarjane Satrapis Persepolis: A Personal Version and Vision of the Iranian Revolution1341 Words   |  5 PagesPersepolis: Marjane Satrapis personal version and vision of the Iranian Revolution Marjane Satrapis Persepolis is a graphic novel that suggests that there is a sharp discrepancy between the world of the Iranian Revolution, as depicted in the Western media, versus how many Iranians experienced it in the context of their own lives. Satrapi was the product of a liberal home environment. Behind closed doors, the life the young Marjane led was often very different from the images of burka-wearingRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution And The Revolutionary Revolution1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iranian Revolution was its climax in 1979 with the Revolutionary goal being met by its supports. Supporters of the revolution stood mixed in their goals for a new Iran. The Islamic Extremist lead by Ayatollah Khomeini wanted to install an Islamic regime inside of Iran that would follow Islamic law. Religious clerics viewed the Shah as not being a positive leader of Iran and wanted him overthrown and the country left as is. Iranians such as the middle class and students wanted to instal l an IslamicRead MoreThe Rise Of The Iranian Revolution1375 Words   |  6 PagesIranian Revolution was its climax in 1979 with the Revolutionary goal being met by its supports. Supporters of the revolution were very mixed in their goals for a new Iran. The Islamic Extremist lead by Ayatollah Khomeini wanted to install an Islamic regime inside of Iran that would follow Islamic law. Religious clerics viewed the Shah as not being a positive leader for Iran and wanted him overthrown and the country left as is. Iranians such as the middle class and students wanted to install an IslamicRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution Of Iran1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iranian Revolution was at its climax in 1979 with the Revolutionary goal being met by it’s supports. Supporters of the revolution stood mixed in their goals for a new Iran. The Islamic Extremist lead by Ayatollah Khomeini wanted to install an Islamic regime inside of Iran that would follow Islamic law. Religious clerics viewed th e Shah as not being a positive leader of Iran and wanted him overthrown and the country left as is. Iranians such as the middle class and students wanted to install anRead MorePersepolis : An Autobiographical Graphic Novel987 Words   |  4 PagesPersepolis is an autobiographical graphic novel by Iranian born author Marjane Satrapi. It is the story of her life leading up to, and during the Iranian revolution. In the novel, Satrapi quickly addresses an existential question, that of world justice. Even at the young age of six, she puts forward the notion that she would become a prophet, which is her way of countering the injustices that she sees as inherent in her world. This particular question is one that has stymied mankind from the beginningRead MorePersepolis : The Invisible Art Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesPersepolis In graphic memoir Persepolis, Marjane Satrapi illustrates the eventful life of Marji, an Iranian girl’s living most of her life in Tehran, Iran during the Islamic Revolution. The author commences her story as child and creates a timeline of series of events as she enters adulthood. Marji, represents many disenfranchise women, as she faces discrimination, exile, and confusion in her own country. Uniquely, Starapi’s work can be a justification to prove Scott McCloud’s design theories inRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Persepolis 1728 Words   |  7 PagesMarjane Satrapi deliberately uses an interesting layout usually used in successful comic books that convey deep messages. The layout of the graphics in Persepolis include elements such as panels, gutters, and graphic weight. The panels, or distinct segments of a comic containing a combination of images and texts, provide transitions that are instantaneous and direct. For example, on page seven, Satrapi uses a panel to show an innocent conversation with her grandmother about the rules she will assignRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Persepolis 1646 Words   |  7 Pages Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis is an expressive memoir of her growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution, the fall of the Shah’s regime and the Iran-Iraq War. Unlike conventional memoirs, she uses the black-and-white comic book form to find her identity through politics and her personal experiences in Iran and it has become effective and relevant in today’s society because she is a normal person that has had to live through extreme circumstances. Marjane has contributed to a wholeRead MorePersepolis by Marjane Satrapi970 Words   |  4 Pagesseriousness and importance. In France in 2003, the Iranian-born writer and illustrator, Marjane Satrapi, published her internationally acclaimed autobiographical comic, â€Å"Persepolis.† The novel chronicles her childhood in Tehran from ages six to f ourteen, years that were overshadowed by the displacement of the Shah’s regime, the Islamic Revolution, and war with Iraq. The French contemporary graphic novel explores, from Satrapi’s standpoint, the ways in which Iranian politics of that time disrupted everyday-lifeRead MorePersepolis Assignment1402 Words   |  6 Pages Satrapi states in the introduction of the 2004 Pantheon version of The Complete Persepolis that Iran, an â€Å"old and great civilization[,] has been discussed mostly in connection with fundamentalism, fanaticism, and terrorism.† She expresses that, â€Å"as an Iranian who has lived more than half of [her] life in Iran, [she] know[s] that this image is far from the truth. This is why writing Persepolis was so important to [her]. [She] believe[s] that an entire nation should not be judged by the wrongdoings

Reaction Paper on Plagiarism free essay sample

Putting up the best story that the public would be interested in is a tough job. There is always the need of highlighting ideas based on facts and the avoidance of personal opinions and fictions. Because when there’s a hole discovered in the story or if the line between facts and fiction blurrs, it’s not just the credibility of the writer who is at stake but also that of the editor and the entire publication. Some writers fabricate their stories to be able to attract more readers and make a name in the public. The movie highlighted an essential factor that a writer especially a journalist should always avoid plagiarism and fabrication. In the movie, the fact that most of the articles written by the main character, Stephen Glass, were proven to be ‘bogus’ shows that for a long period of time, the readers has been manipulated by this writer. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper on Plagiarism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He has already published enough to make his name ‘known’ to the public before they discovered about his bogus stories. Since people have already built trust to him, it wasn’t easy for them to accept that most of his stories were fabricated. That is the problem when the line between fact and fiction is being blurred. Stephen Glass has already manipulated the minds of his co-writers which actually believed and enjoyed most of his stories simply because he tells it in the most interesting manner as he can. The movie served as an eye opener for the public to show that not all stories, articles or columns published in broadsheets or even in magazines are to be believed. Some written statements might be based on facts but there are other details which may be fictional, included in the story just to make it more interesting for the readers. It shows that as a reader, we should not believe on everything we are reading. We should always be a wise sceptic when it comes to details given in the article. If we believe in everything that is written, we may be manipulated by the story or the writer. Another important thought that a reader should learn from the movie is that there is a difference between stretching the truth to be able to produce an attractive story for the sake of fame and putting up a plain, simple and honest story all based on facts. Sometimes, journalists are the one who cannot be trusted. However, it is always up to the readers on whether or not they would simply allow themselves to be manipulated or would be a wise reader and verify facts. It is always essential that readers learn to be news literate in that way they would be able to weigh the objectivity of the story.

Salem Witch Trials

Introduction â€Å"Salem Possessed† is a book written by Paul S. Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum which focuses on Salem Witch Trials. The writers explain that the problem began in the year 1691 and was marked by the behaviour of some girls in the same village who were involved in fortune telling. They were using a makeshift crystal ball to foretell their future and were aided by a slave couple which had come from Western India.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Salem Witch Trials specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first trial began on February in the year 1692 after the arrest of three women who were being accused of witchcraft. The women were inclusive of Sarah Osborn and Sarah Good who did not did not agree to the charges and Tituba who voluntarily agreed to the charges and did not plead innocent. Around one hundred and eighty five people had been accused by the time the trials came to an end of wh ich one hundred and forty one were women while the rest were men. The same study explains that out of the total number of the accused, there were fourteen women and five men. Those who faced trial were fifty two women and seven men and finally, those who were convicted were twenty six women and five men (Linder Para. 6). Since Salem was a religious community, the trials came to and end following a sermon by Increase Marther. The preacher was for protecting innocent people from being persecuted. With that background in mind, this paper shall describe the Salem witch trials and narrow down to women and property in relation to the same. The Plot Summary The introductory part has highlighted the main points of Salem Witch Trials and it is equally important to discuss the summary of activities which were taking place to be in a position to analyze some themes of the same. The plight of Salem started when one of the church elders by the name John Putman invited Samuel Paris to preach in t he village. Paris latter agreed to become the minister of the village after he was given a better remuneration which included a better salary, privileges as well as allowances.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During that period, studies indicate that people were divided into two groups of people: the Porters and the Purtnams and all were competing for political as well as religious leadership (Boyer and Nissenbaum pp. 124). Witchcraft accusations were stirred by the sickness of a young girl who was known as Betty Paris. The girl was complaining of pain and fever and although there was a likelihood that the symptoms were as a result of a disease or some condition like child abuse, it was not possible by then to know the cause of the misery. Nevertheless, some people in the village suspected witchcraft to be the underlying cause. Villagers started to think more about witchcraft w hen close friends of the sick girl started to experience the same symptoms. The three girls who were experiencing similar symptoms were known as Mary Walcott, Mary Lewis and Ann Putnam. Although a doctor was consulted to treat them, studies indicate that he diagnosed the problem to have been caused by a supernatural cause (Murphy, Par. 3). Since the villagers believed that young children were the main target of the witches, there was little cause to doubt the diagnoses. In view of the fact that Salem villagers supposed that dogs were used by witches to bewitch people, one woman proposed the same dogs to be used to verify whether the victims were actually bewitched or not. To affirm, this dogs were given a cake that was mixed with the urine of the victim and in case the dog and victim displayed similar behaviour, it was concluded that the victim was actually bewitched. The number of the bewitched girls continued to increase and it turned out to be a matter of concern since villagers became obsessed with it. The trial began when the two girls; Betty and Abigail named the people whom they thought were responsible for their misery. Nevertheless, the analysis of the trial and accusations revealed that the two girls drafted their accusation stories collaboratively. Other girls who were likewise afflicted maintained that they had seen witches flying during winter and were supported by the family of Putnam which was very prominent (Boyer and Nissenbaum pp. 126). As highlighted in the introductory part, the first group to be accused was composed of three women namely Osborn, Good and Tituba. While Osborn was old and querulous, Good was a beggar who never had a permanent dwelling place and survived mainly by begging for food and shelter from the villagers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Salem Witch Trials specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two magistrates who were dealing with witchcraft cases were John Hathome as well as Jonathan Corwoin. The girls and the villagers volunteered to offer information concerning the accused women. While the girls explained that they suffered greatly in the presence of the accused, villagers maintained that their animals disappeared or were born with deformities once the accused visited their compounds. It was clear that the judges believed that the women were guilty especially due to the questions which they asked them such as whether they had either seen Satan or whether they believed whether they were witches or not (Sutter, Para. 5). The trial would have taken another course were it not for Tituba who confessed to the accusations. The woman explained that she was once approached by Satan who was a tall man from Boston and latter was requested to be his servant and affirm the same by signing a book. The woman explained that the tall man would either appear as a dog or even as a hog. Although she tried to seek religious counsel; the woman described that she was prevented from doing so by the devil. Most surprisingly, Tituba explained that she had around four witches who were serving Satan with her, Osborn and Good included. Consequently, due to her confession, the ministers started to look for more witches and majority of the witchcraft sceptic also became silent (Boyer and Nissenbaum pp. 90). Some other women were accused of witchcraft especially after the girls reported that they were being attacked by them. Young girls were also accused of the same evil; as young as four years of age. The audience had no other reason other than to believe especially due the confession of the afflicted girls who even confessed of being made dumb by the same witches. As time went by, one accused by the name Deliverance Hobbs also confessed to witchcraft accusations. Due to the increased witchcraft cases, Phips the governor by then established a new court for the purpose of conducting witchcraft trials and appointed five judge s for the same purpose. The trials involved close examination of the accused by the judges and even use of gossip, stories and hearsay. The accused were most disadvantaged as they were not allowed to appeal or to have witnesses to testify on their behalf.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The trials continued to take place even after the trial of Bridget Bishop who was the first man to be tried and hanged. It was risky for anyone to be against the accusations and such a person also stood a chance of being victimized. Some of the people who confessed were allowed to live but most of them were hanged, stoned and some died in prison (The Salem Witch Trials Par. 8). Further studies indicate that the trials came to an end in the year 1693 and some of the accused who were still prison were pardoned and allowed to continue with their normal lives. Analysis Women and Property Most scholars have been committed to analyze the issue of Salem witch trials and have come up with different conclusions. To begin with, a virtual analysis of the accused witches indicates that the total number of the accused women were far much more than men. Most importantly, although some couples were accused, studies indicate that most of the women who were accused were widows. It is also important to note that young girls were also accused of the same crime (Sutter, Para 5). The critical analysis of the whole issue indicates that there was a big difference between the accusers and the accused. Studies of Campbell (Para. 4) illustrate that most of the people who were accused were living in the south and they were wealthier than the accusers since they had much property. In addition, most of the accused families were aimed at gaining properties from the accused once they were convicted. Religious factors also came into play since studies indicate that while most of the accused witches were in support of George Burroughs, the accusers and their families were against him and actually contributed greatly in forcing the ex minister to leave their territory (Murphy, Par. 3). Conclusions As much as men were accused and convicted of witchcraft, women were the main victims. Majority of the women who were accused and convicted were aged forty years and above. In most cases, men who were accused happened to be the relatives of the women witches. Most of the people who were accused were rich, relatively rich or powerful. A critical analysis of the issues in Salem indicates that there were underlying causes to the problem which may be inclusive of economic factors as well as sexual and doctrinal threat (Linder, Par. 8). This is the main reason why most of the people who were accused were wealthy widows. They were viewed as a threat to some traditions involving the transfer of property from the fathers to the sons. In addition, women who never had male children were also at a greater risk of being accused due to the same issue. Women who inherited property from their husbands were also at a greater risk of being accused especially when there were male children in the same family (Campbell Para 8.). However, there were some who never had property but were still accused like Martha Carrier. Therefore, it cannot be an understatement to conclude that Salem witch trials we re spurred by economic, social and religious issues. Works Cited Boyer, Paul S. and Stephen Nissenbaum. Salem possessed: the social origins of witchcraft. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974. Print. Campbell, Donna M. Salem Witch Trials as Fact and Symbol. Web. Linder, Douglas. The Witchcraft Trials in Salem: A Commentary. Web. Murphy, Kate. Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft. Web. Sutter, Tim. Salem Witchcraft: The Events and Causes of the Salem Witch Trials. 2000. Web. The Salem Witch Trials. 2010. Web. This research paper on Salem Witch Trials was written and submitted by user SteelSerpent to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Life of the Emperor Constantine †History Essay

The Life of the Emperor Constantine – History Essay Free Online Research Papers The Life of the Emperor Constantine History Essay Constantine became the first Roman Emperor to embrace Christianity. As Constantine embraced Christianity he brought the Roman Empire with him; transforming the polytheistic, pagan empire, into a Christian one. According to Constantine’s biographer, Eusebius, states that his transformation took place when he supposedly received a vision of Christ prior to the battle of Milvian Bridge. Constantine easily won the battle and attributed his victory to the help he got from the Christian god. Constantine played a very active role in establishing the Christian church in the Roman Empire and gave the Christians the right to worship without being persecuted. Not only was Constantine responsible for stopping the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire and vital in establishing the church in the empire, he also was a mediator in a great deal of theological disagreements amongst Christians. The most noted one act of mediation was the Council of Nicaea in 325 A.D., in which Constantine called a council of bishops from all across the empire to establish a doctrine that all Christians could agree on and could be backed by the state. Constantine’s reforms set a precedent for the Roman Empire and for Christians. â€Å"The active participation of Christian emperors in church affairs became a common feature in later Byzantine history.† This is a truly amazing accomplishment considering that the emperor in power before Constantine, Diocletian spearheaded all Christian persecution in throughout the empire. His political ability was second to none, it is truly amazing that Constantine was able to take an entire empire that had been predominantly pagan for several centuries and turn it into a Christian empire. Research Papers on The Life of the Emperor Constantine - History EssayAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseTwilight of the UAWHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetThe Project Managment Office SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Contracting and Procurement in Project Management- Phase 2 DB Essay

Contracting and Procurement in Project Management- Phase 2 DB - Essay Example ACME Development Corporation (ADC) wants to buy the scheduling tool from any software company. The first step in creating a contract is to make sure that both companies are talking regarding the identical deal, in this way when they would consequently have the same opinion to enter into the contract they would mutually agree to the similar thing. When the ACME Development Corporation (ADC) and software development company had a "meeting of the minds" as to the contract, they have to trade something of value in order to turn out a contract. Frequently Software Developer Company offers its services in exchange for the cash of the ACME Development Corporation. But forethought can take a lot of other forms, as long as every company is giving up something of worth to it to convince the other company to go into the agreement. Once both ACME Development Corporation and Software Developer Company understand the deal and recognize what kind of deliberation will be substituted by each company, then they would be ready to prepare a contract. Typically the companies disclose that negotiations are ended and a contract would be attained when the companies sign the contract. In this section I will try to incorporate contracting and procurement activities into an overall project cost and schedule. The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) established six procedures/states for the Project Procurement Management and contracting between our company and Software Developer Company will discuss in the proceeding section in relation to our buying scheduling software and other above stated equipment. This is the first process in which we will determine the software development organization’s services and purchasing process plan. We also select the type of contract through which we will deal with other company. In the next phase we will place our contract details for purchasing the equipment and services and

Economics - Financial Institustions and Markets Research Paper

Economics - Financial Institustions and Markets - Research Paper Example This paper looks at the collapse of the repo market and the effect of ‘safe harbor’ facilities provided to the lending institutions in the derivatives market. Arguments have been made that the use of collaterals have made more harm than benefit to the economy and hence alternatives have been discussed to eliminate these facilities from the market. Thesis statement The aim of this paper is to investigate the causes of failure of the financial institutions in the United States. The research is specifically directed towards the study of the structure of the US financial system and the role of safe harbor in the failure of major financial institutions in the country. Introduction The global financial collapse has been one of the most significant incidents in the history of the world and it has raised significant research and debates on the factors that led to a financial breakdown of such a measure. There is considerable debate on the causes of this phenomenon and researcher s have not been able to come to clear consensus about the actual causes of the incident. However, a stream of events has been identified, which are considered to be the possible factors that led to the downfall of the financial institutions

Australia Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Australia - Movie Review Example It also shows the conflict between the aboriginals and the Europeans. So the movie has been acted in the right country so as to portray the Australians character. In the movie Australia, the cultural landscape portrays very old houses, which have been traditionally built. Most of the houses been build using mud, and this makes the movie look like a traditional movie which was shot long time ago. There is the existence of ranches, which keep large head of cattle implying that the movie must have been shot to represent how the Australians lived a long time ago. The movie takes place in the Australia this is because of the physical appearance of the landscape. Australia is a country, which is known to having a very rugged landscape which is very mountainous. The tribunal Aborigine is a traditional culture which is used in the movie and was highly associated with the country of Australia. This serves as evidence that the movie was shot in the country of Australia. The movie also shows Nullah as an aboriginal child of a mixed race. Other products such as Scarlett and Rhett were also other products which were associated with the same country. The movie wants to show how the Australians lived long before. It also shows the lifestyle that they were living in which includes inheriting of property because the cows Maitland has were gained through inheritance. The beginning of the second world is also reflected in the movie. The culture is unfolded using artifacts, sociafacts and mentifacts. Some of the artifacts used are traditionally built houses, station sheds, white painted rocks tennis court and white painted rocks. This shows that the people of Australia relied mostly on traditionally built houses. There is a safe place set for the mission children, traditional dances; there is a school and highly ranked leaders this acts as a sociofacts in the movie. It shows that there were most protected missions

Alternative Fuel for Airplane Essay -- Energy, Sustainable Fuel

One of the most significant current discussions in sustainable aviation is alternative fuel for airplane, which is a serious argument; however, big question is that efforts to produce a more sustainable fuel to power aircraft are technically and ethically feasible. This paper going to investigate and show there is no alternative fuel to power aircraft in this time. The fuel using by airplane is fossil fuel, which is Jet A1 by burning this fuel there are impact on the global warming the researcher investigate what is the problem with fossil fuel (Jet A1). As solve the fuel problem there are several alternatives have tested, that some of them are biofuel, Liquid Hydrogen, Fracking for Natural Gas and scher-Tropsch (F-T) fuels from fossil feedstocks. However to fund out the alternative fuel is sustainable .firstly defined term sustainability. There are numerous definitions for the word sustainable. White (2001, p.1) states that sustainability seeks to provide the best outcomes for the human and natural environments both now and into the indefinite future. In addition, Thompson and Sorvig( 2009) in their recent research paper found probably the simplest, widely used definition of sustainability is meeting the needs of today's population with-out diminishing the ability of future populations to meet their needs. The other hand Fresco and Kroonenberg (1992) states that the sustainability of natural ecosystems defined as the dynamic balance between natural inputs and outputs, modified by external events such as climatic change and natural disasters. (Bell and Morse, 2008) the researcher from all research fund out that the sustainability related what is human put the nature has to be try to have balance ever aspect and impact to natu... ...ccessful in aviation industry such as biofuel, Liquid Hydrogen, Fracking for Natural Gas and scher-Tropsch (F-T) fuels from fossil feedstocks. All the fuel has been test and some of the, has been used for long time but the all of the have got impact on environment and social which make unsustainable fuel. At last with those fuels CO2 emissions is not increasing and LH2 approximately putting three times the amount of water in the atmosphere than burning kerosene-type aviation fuel, which is water washes out of the atmosphere a lot faster than carbon dioxide that stays up for years. Fracking presses the water containing the tracking chemicals left underground to fill the spaces in the fractured rocks and may eventually flow into the local ground-water system, making it unsafe for drinking. This research show there is no alternative fuel in this time and technology.

Principles of Marketing Essay

The course content includes a study of the relationship between marketing and society, nature and functions of marketing, marketing management processes, marketing tools, the markets, and the consumers. Course Objectives The main goal of the course is to provide an overview of the basic principles underlying modern marketing theory and practice. It will provide participants with an understanding of the analysis that is necessary for taking marketing decisions, and the wide range of factors (and interactions of those factors) that need to be considered in the design of a marketing program. Students should come away with this course with an understanding of the marketing system and its role within the Malaysian economy and within an individual firm by studying how products and services are planned, priced, promoted, and distributed in order to satisfy consumers’ wants. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of the course, students should be able to: ? define and apply knowledge of the key marketing concepts. ? explain how marketing decisions are influenced by environment, trends and developments. ? discuss the factors influencing consumer behavior. Please dress decently and appropriately (according to university’s dress codes) when attending classes. ? Group projects ; Assignments There will be group projects and assignments. For group project, work together with your group members and at the end of the project your group members will assess your contribution to the project. You are expected to do a group presentation before submission of written copy during the semester. Assignments will be uploaded in UNIEC. In class assignments must be submitted on the specified date otherwise you may be penalized for late submission. If you encounter any problem to submit assignments on the specific date, you are required to inform the lecturer within 2 days of the specified date. For any type written assignments given, the format of the paper should be as follows: ? A cover page with your details – Name, Student ID and Sections ( as registered in CMS) ? Font: Time New Roman , size 12 with 1. 5 spacing ? Include a reference page for every assignment that you submitted. ? Forums Students are required to participate in ALL 3 forums posted by the Course Leader and marks will be assigned based on the quality of the discussion. ? Accessing/ Checking UNIEC Virtual It is utmost important for students to access and check their UNIEC Virtual for any updates and information pertaining to the course regularly throughout the semester. Ignorance is NO EXCUSE. Examination Format Final examination will be a three hours-examination. The exam will evaluate your level of understanding and knowledge acquired in this course. The question formats may consist of multiple choice, true-false, short essays, and case-based problems. Week Topics Covered Overview 1 2 3 4 Topic 1: Marketing: Managing Profitable Customer Relationship Topic 2: The Marketing Environment and the Marketing Information Topic 3: Consumer Markets and Consumer Buyer Behavior Topics/Activities Remarks/ Deadlines Introduction. Class activities: – Getting to know. – Overview of course plan. Marketing: Managing Profitable Customer Relationship ? Definitions of marketing ? Basic concepts of marketing ? Evolutions of marketing ? Relationship marketing ? Marketing strategy and the marketing mix ? Marketing Challenges in the future Read. The Marketing Environment and Marketing Information ? Company’s Microenvironments ? Company’s Macroenvironments ? Marketing research process Read: Forum 1 ? Kotler: Chapter 3 ; 4 ? Real Marketing 4. 2 ‘Tracking consumers on the Web: Smart targeting or a little creepy’. p 151 Class activities: ? Discuss reading materials Topic 2 ? Discuss ‘Prius: Leading a Wave of Hybrids’ case Consumer Markets and Business Market ? Consumer Buying Behavior ? Consumer Decision-making Process ? Factors Affecting Consumer Buying Behavior ? The Organizational Market ? The Organizational Buying Process.

Potassium-Argon Dating Methods K-Ar and Ar-Ar Dating

The potassium-argon (K-Ar) isotopic dating method is especially useful for determining the age of lavas. Developed in the 1950s, it was important in developing the theory of plate tectonics and in calibrating the geologic time scale. Potassium-Argon Basics Potassium occurs in two stable isotopes (41K and 39K) and one radioactive isotope (40K). Potassium-40 decays with a half-life of 1250 million years, meaning that half of the 40K atoms are gone after that span of time. Its decay yields argon-40 and calcium-40 in a ratio of 11 to 89. The K-Ar method works by counting these radiogenic 40Ar atoms trapped inside minerals. What simplifies things is that potassium is a reactive metal and argon is an inert gas: Potassium is always tightly locked up in minerals whereas argon is not part of any minerals. Argon makes up 1 percent of the atmosphere. So assuming that no air gets into a mineral grain when it first forms, it has zero argon content. That is, a fresh mineral grain has its K-Ar clock set at zero. The method relies on satisfying some important assumptions: The potassium and argon must both stay put in the mineral over geologic time. This is the hardest one to satisfy.We can measure everything accurately. Advanced instruments, rigorous procedures and the use of standard minerals ensure this.We know the precise natural mix of potassium and argon isotopes. Decades of basic research has given us this data.We can correct for any argon from the air that gets into the mineral. This requires an extra step. Given careful work in the field and in the lab, these assumptions can be met. The K-Ar Method in Practice The rock sample to be dated must be chosen very carefully. Any alteration or fracturing means that the potassium or the argon or both have been disturbed. The site also must be geologically meaningful, clearly related to fossil-bearing rocks or other features that need a good date to join the big story. Lava flows that lie above and below rock beds with ancient human fossils are a good—and true—example. The mineral sanidine, the high-temperature form of potassium feldspar, is the most desirable. But micas, plagioclase, hornblende, clays, and other minerals can yield good data, as can whole-rock analyses. Young rocks have low levels of 40Ar, so as much as several kilograms may be needed. Rock samples are recorded, marked, sealed and kept free of contamination and excessive heat on the way to the lab. The rock samples are crushed, in clean equipment, to a size that preserves whole grains of the mineral to be dated, then sieved to help concentrate these grains of the target mineral. The selected size fraction is cleaned in ultrasound and acid baths, then gently oven-dried. The target mineral is separated using heavy liquids, then hand-picked under the microscope for the purest possible sample. This mineral sample is then baked gently overnight in a vacuum furnace. These steps help remove as much atmospheric 40Ar from the sample as possible before making the measurement. Next, ​the mineral sample is heated to melting in a vacuum furnace, driving out all the gas. A precise amount of argon-38 is added to the gas as a spike to help calibrate the measurement, and the gas sample is collected onto activated charcoal cooled by liquid nitrogen. Then the gas sample is cleaned of all unwanted gasses such as H2O, CO2, SO2, nitrogen and so on until all that remains are the inert gasses, argon among them. Finally, ​the argon atoms are counted in a mass spectrometer, a machine with its own complexities. Three argon isotopes are measured: 36Ar, 38Ar, and 40Ar. If the data from this step is clean, the abundance of atmospheric argon can be determined and then subtracted to yield the radiogenic 40Ar content. This air correction relies on the level of argon-36, which comes only from the air and is not created by any nuclear decay reaction. It is subtracted, and a proportional amount of the 38Ar and 40Ar are also subtracted. The remaining 38Ar is from the spike, and the remaining 40Ar is radiogenic. Because the spike is precisely known, the 40Ar is determined by comparison to it. Variations in this data may point to errors anywhere in the process, which is why all the steps of preparation are recorded in detail. K-Ar analyses cost several hundred dollars per sample and take a week or two. The 40Ar-39Ar Method A variant of the K-Ar method gives better data by making the overall measurement process simpler. The key is to put the mineral sample in a neutron beam, which converts potassium-39 into argon-39. Because 39Ar has a very short half-life, it is guaranteed to be absent in the sample beforehand, so its a clear indicator of the potassium content. The advantage is that all the information needed for dating the sample comes from the same argon measurement. Accuracy is greater and errors are lower. This method is commonly called argon-argon dating. The physical procedure for 40Ar-39Ar dating is the same except for three differences: Before the mineral sample is put in the vacuum oven, it is irradiated along with samples of standard materials by a neutron source.There is no 38Ar spike needed.Four Ar isotopes are measured: 36Ar, 37Ar, 39Ar, and 40Ar. The analysis of the data is more complex than in the K-Ar method  because the irradiation creates argon atoms from other isotopes besides​ 40K. These effects must be corrected, and the process is intricate enough to require computers. Ar-Ar analyses cost around $1000 per sample and take several weeks. Conclusion The Ar-Ar method is considered superior, but some of its problems are avoided in the older K-Ar method. Also, the cheaper K-Ar method can be used for screening or reconnaissance purposes, saving Ar-Ar for the most demanding or interesting problems. These dating methods have been under constant improvement for more than 50 years. The learning curve has been long and is far from over today. With each increment in quality, more subtle sources of error have been found and taken into account. Good materials and skilled hands can yield ages that are certain to within 1 percent, even in rocks only 10,000 years old, in which quantities of 40Ar are vanishingly small.